The world is nearer to nuclear war than at any time since the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. The United States and the Soviet Union came close to a nuclear exchange, when Khrushchev based nuclear-armed missiles on Cuba. Fortunately, US imperialism and the Soviet bureaucracy negotiated their way out of the crisis, despite pressure from the US military to launch a pre-emptive strike against Cuba. They were both stable regimes at that time, with a clear understanding of their interests and worked-out military strategies.
Today, India and Pakistan are very different. Both have unstable regimes of crisis. Pakistan’s General Musharraf is a shaky military dictator, while the Vajpayee government is led by the ultra-rightwing Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Once again, Kashmir is the focus of the conflict. Kashmir has been disputed for 55 years, the result of British imperialism’s divide-and-rule partition of the subcontinent when it relinquished direct rule in 1947. The Pakistan ruling class considered that, as a majority Muslim state, Kashmir should belong to Pakistan. The hereditary Maharaja of Kashmir, however, was a Hindu and opted for India. Far from being concerned with the people of Kashmir, who have been denied democracy and self-determination, both India and Pakistan want to control the state to extend their territory, power and prestige.
Kashmir has already led to two wars between India and Pakistan, many crises, repeated military mobilizations, and continuous threats and counter-threats. But it would be a mistake to believe that the present crisis is just one more episode. Over a million troops, armed with modern weaponry, are now mobilized along the Indian-Pakistan border. Ultimately, this is an expression of the deep crisis in both countries. The landlords and capitalists on both sides have been incapable of securing economic progress, democracy or social harmony. Many millions on both sides live in dire poverty, lacking basic health and education services. Both countries are torn by national, ethnic, and religious conflict.
A chain of events has pushed both regimes into a head-on collision. India mobilized its army to the border following an attack on December 13th on the Indian parliament by ‘jihadis’ (Islamic paramilitaries). India holds the Pakistani regime responsible for the attack, calling on Musharraf to close down the jihadi bases and hand over those allegedly responsible. More incidents followed, however. In May, Islamic militants attacked an Indian army base near Jammu, killing 34 Indian soldiers and members of their families.
Speaking to troops in Kashmir, Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee, said: “India is forced to fight a war thrust on it and we will emerge victorious… it’s time to fight a decisive battle.” For the BJP government, the war mobilization is a desperate attempt to shore up its political support following a series of recent election losses. In Gujarat, the only state controlled by the BJP, state officials colluded in a horrendous anti-Muslim pogrom resulting in over 2,000 deaths, one of the worst communal outrages since 1947. The push to war also reflects the deeper ambitions of the Indian ruling class. Under cover of the US’s “war against terrorism,” they have seized on recent terrorist attacks to try to “settle” the issue of Kashmir once and for all.
On the other side, Musharraf, under intense pressure from the US, again promised to curb incursions across the Line of Control, which separates Pakistan-occupied from India-occupied Kashmir. Yet Pakistan carried out a new round of missile tests. While denying that Pakistan was supporting jihadist incursions into India, Musharraf proclaimed: “a liberation struggle is going on in Kashmir and Pakistan cannot be held responsible for any actions taken against Indian oppression.”
Musharraf is balancing on a knife edge. His support for the US offensive against the Taliban regime and Al Qaeda forces in Afghanistan has provoked a tide of opposition within Pakistan. It has also brought him into conflict with a section of the military and its ISI intelligence wing, which armed and trained the Taliban forces and still maintain links with Islamic paramilitary groups. Under pressure, Musharraf arrested many of the Islamic militant leaders, but released most of them. He has repeatedly claimed that he will take all the necessary steps to curb terrorist organizations. But he clearly does not have control over some sections of the military who are still giving them active support.
After the rout by the US of Taliban and Al Qaeda forces in Afghanistan, many of them returned to Pakistan. The US victory in Afghanistan (which has not secured stability and peace there) triggered a new jihad offensive in Kashmir. This has overwhelming mass sympathy within Pakistan. The Islamic paramilitaries are aiming not only to hit India, but to undermine Musharraf’s position. That is why he has to do a balancing act, trying to appease the US without outraging supporters for Kashmiri liberation from Indian control.
All the ingredients for war are present. The US’s primary concern is to prevent Pakistan from withdrawing forces from the Afghan border, diverting forces (as the US sees it) from the “war against terrorism.” But the India-Pakistan conflict is, in reality, far more serious. A war would provoke deep crises in both countries. It would completely destabilize the whole South Asian region, with repercussions further afield. Any semblance of a “new world order” under the domination of the US superpower would be completely shattered.
War is not inevitable – it may be postponed for some time. But if a war does take place, a nuclear exchange is possible. In fact, it is more possible than even in the Cuban missile crisis.
A Limited War?
One serious incident could trigger war. In the present tense situation, having declared a “decisive fight,” Vajpayee’s only policy option, unless Pakistan retreats, appears to be to launch an attack across the Line of Control. Many commentators console themselves with the idea that it would be a “limited war.” Past episodes of fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces in Kashmir, they note, have not led to full-blown conflict. In the first period of Clinton’s presidency, however, “Pakistan came within a few minutes of a pre-emptive [nuclear] launch, having misinterpreted Indian army maneuvers near the border [at Zarb-i-Momin]”, writes the Christopher Hitchins (Daily Mirror, 5/23/02). “The US officials who dealt with that emergency still go pale when they remember it – it was much closer and more frightening than the Cuba crisis.”
In 1999, conflict broke out near Kargil on Kashmir’s mountainous northern border, when Pakistan-backed forces attempted to retake a strip of territory taken by India in an earlier skirmish. That crisis was only defused when the US put intense pressure on Pakistan’s then-prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, who withdrew Pakistani forces from the area.
The current situation is far more serious. India is much more likely to respond to any incidents by launching a military attack. This might be planned as a limited “symbolic strike,” not a major offensive. But the lesson of history is that armed conflicts rarely go according to plan. They have a logic of their own, and accidents can play a fatal part.
However limited, any strike by India will almost certainly be met by a Pakistani counter-attack. Musharraf has already warned that his forces would “take the offensive into Indian territory,” describing Pakistan’s policy as “an offensive defense” (Guardian 5/28/02). If either side appears to be facing defeat, they are likely to escalate their intervention.
India has a three-to-one superiority in conventional weapons, and has declared a “no first-use nuclear policy.” Pakistan, on the other hand, has been quite open in proclaiming a nuclear first-use strategy intended to compensate for its conventional weakness.
“The problem is,” writes Amin Saikal (International Herald Tribune, 5/23/02), “the war may not remain limited for long, because in striking back Pakistan may well hit Indian Punjab, which is densely populated, a vital granary and close to the heartland of central India. This could lead to an all-out war, including a nuclear exchange…”
India is unlikely to strike at Pakistan across the international boundary (as opposed to the Line of Control through Kashmir), but it is possible that Pakistan could strike back across the international border.
There is also the danger that once fighting starts, an individual field commander might decide to launch a nuclear strike. Some reports suggest that Pakistan has already deployed nuclear armed missiles in the field. Neither Pakistan nor India has the sophisticated systems that exist in the US and other Western powers to assure the safety, security and control of nuclear weapons under war conditions.
Bush and other Western leaders have appeared complacent about the danger of nuclear war, at least up until now. Behind the scenes, however, the tops of the military and intelligence establishments are extremely alarmed. “US and European officials,” writes David Ignatius, editor of the International Herald Tribune, “are increasingly worried about what could happen… they warn that all the ingredients are in place for a disastrous chain of miscalculation on the order of August 1914, when over-armed European nations blundered into World War I.” (IHT, 5/11/02)
Presenting their latest intelligence assessment, Pentagon and state department officials “said they wanted to counter any false perception that India and PakistanS were simply going through a well-rehearsed dance of threat and counter-threat. ‘We just don’t know where the “red lines” are any more,’ an administration official said, adding that president Bush and his senior advisors were not confident that the Indians and the Pakistanis did, either.” (New York Times, 5/28/02)
Nuclear Destruction
A full-scale nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan could kill up to twelve million people immediately and cause up to seven million non-fatal casualties, according to a recent assessment by the Pentagon (New York Times, 5/28/02). Even a “limited war”, with only a small number of warheads being detonated, would have a cataclysmic effect. Individual nuclear warheads are thought to be capable of producing a 20 kiloton blast (the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT). This is comparable to the bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.
The effects of any nuclear exchange would be catastrophic. Apart from millions of human casualties, there would be a long-term social breakdown, with famine and the spread of disease. Medical and other emergency resources would be overwhelmed. Radioactive contamination would spread, causing more and more casualties, as well as incalculable long-term health effects across the region and globe. Kamal Chenoy, a leader of India’s Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace, commented: “I’m afraid our political elite do not understand that if we bomb Lahore, people will die in Amritsar as soon as the wind changes.” (Daily Telegraph, 5/30/02)
A Pakistani military official, General Beg, was recently asked at a public meeting in Islamabad if there could be a nuclear catastrophe. “Look,” he said, “I don’t know what you’re worried about. You can die crossing the street, hit by a car, or you could die in a nuclear war. You’ve got to die someday anyway.” (New York Times, 6/1/02)
Socialism or Barbarism
The threat of nuclear war in South Asia is the most threatening aspect of the present crisis of world imperialist domination and capitalism. The capitalists and their landlord allies, represented by corrupt, nationalistic political leaders, have no solution – and this poses the threat of war. The choice for humankind really is socialism or barbarism.
India has a powerful working class. On India’s independence day (April 16th), there was a public sector general strike of over ten million workers against privatization.
Regrettably, however, neither of the Communist Parties – CPI(M) and the CPI – has put forward an independent socialist working class alternative. They both have embraced capitalism, and in the present crisis not only have they given the BJP-dominated government support in its fight against “terrorism,” but have even called upon US imperialism to politically intervene. They have been incapable of cutting across the BJP’s chauvinist purges against minorities, and its nationalistic offensive on the issue of Kashmir.
A mass workers’ party with socialist policies could have a decisive effect on the situation in the subcontinent. A socialist intervention would also arouse worldwide support from workers.
Socialists in India, Pakistan and Kashmir support calls for mass protests of workers, peasants and young people in all three countries. These should be the first step towards forging links between the masses of the subcontinent and building a socialist workers’ alternative to capitalism and war.
The key points of a socialist program for the subcontinent are: The withdrawal of US imperialism and other Western powers, now intervening under cover of the “war against terrorism.” All nuclear arms should be scrapped. Arms expenditure should be cut, with resources being directed towards economic development and social services for the population.
At the same time, in India there should be a mobilization against BJP-led communal pogroms – the “internal war” – against Muslims and other minorities.
In Pakistan, socialists stand for the overthrow of the military dictatorship, and the restoration of all democratic and workers’ rights.
The conflict over Kashmir cannot be solved under capitalism by either India or Pakistan. The people of Kashmir must have the democratic right to self determination. The establishment of an independent socialist Kashmir, together with a socialist India and Pakistan, and the formation of a voluntary democratic socialist confederation in the region, is the only way to resolve this crisis and defend the rights of all peoples of the region.
The rule of the landlords and capitalists is the source of all exploitation, repression, and corruption. Socialists stand for the overthrow of the ruling class in both India and Pakistan, and the establishment of democratic socialist states.
National conflicts within and between India and Pakistan will only be resolved on the basis of a voluntary socialist confederation of the subcontinent.
The Arms Bazaar
Soon after India conducted its first underground nuclear test, Pakistan launched its own nuclear program. Zulfiqar Bhutto, then prime minister, declared that Pakistan would “go for nuclear status even if we have to eat grass.” Ever since, two of the world’s poorest countries have engaged in an accelerating arms race, both nuclear and conventional. This has accelerated in the last few years (rising 23% in real terms between 1998 and 2000). India now spends $13.94 billion (2.5% of GDP) on its military, while Pakistan, with a much smaller economy, spends $3.3 billion (4.2% of GDP).
The Indian subcontinent is now the biggest arms bazaar in the world, with the US, Britain, Russia, France and other powers all rushing in to sell weaponry. Between 1992 and 2001, India imported a total of $8.2 billion worth of arms, while Pakistan imported $5.5 billion. According to the Campaign Against the Arms Trade, the price of a single Hawk fighter aircraft would be enough to provide 1.5 million people with a clean water supply for life.
Justice #30, June 2002